WORKSHEET CLASS 11

 

WORKSHEET – CLASS XI

CH 1 - THE LIVING WORLD

Q.1 Mention distinctive characters of living organisms.

    Growth, reproduction, ability to sense environment ,  metabolism ,

Q.2 Mention two characteristics of growth.

     Increase in mass and increase in number.

Q.3 what is difference in growth seen in plants and animalspresent on earth?

       In plants growth is continuous throughout their lifespan but in animals it is up to certain stage.

Q.4 What is difference in growth of living and non – living?

       In non-living growth is by accumulation of material but in living it is from inside.

Q.5   What does the term Reproduction refer to in multi cellular organisms ?

Production of progeny.

Q.6 Name the group of organisms which multiply by fragmentation .

Fungi, filamentous algae.

Q.7 Name two unicellular organisms  in which reproduction itself is synonymous with growth.

Amoeba,Chlamydomonas

Q.8 What are metabolic reactions ?

      Conversions and chemical reactions occurring in our body.

Q.9 Define metabolism.

     Sum total of all chemical reactions in our body

Q.10 How do properties of tissues arise, though they are not present in constituent cells?

        By interaction of living cells.

Q. 11 Define biodiversity.

         Number and types of organisms present on earth.

Q.13 Define nomenclature process.

Standardised naming of all living organisms.

Q.14 What is identification ?

        Describing of organisms and naming it.

Q.15 Expand   (i) ICBN,   (ii) ICZN.

International code of Botanical Nomenclature.

       International code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Q.16 Mention two advantages of scientific names.

        1. Ensures that each organism has one name.

2. Such a name is not used for any other known and identified organism.

Q.17. Define classification.

         The process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters.

 

Q. 18 What is taxonomy?

       Process of classification of living organisms in various taxa.

Q.19 Name four processes basic to taxonomy.

       A) Characterization B) Identification C) Classification D) Nomenclature.

Q.20. Define systematics.

Branch of study of relationship among different organisms.

Q.21 Define family.

A group of related Genera.

Q.22 Define Order.

Assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characteristics.

Q.23. What are botanical gardens?

Specialised gardens having collections of living plants which are labelled with scientific name and its family.

Q.24 What are Zoological parks?

      Places where wild animals are kept in protected environment under human care which enables us to learn about their food habits and behaviour.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

a) ----------------------- of the body the defining feature of life forms.      

Cellular organisation.

b) Human being is the only organism with ------------------.  Self –consciousness.

c) Living beings respond to----------------- which can be physical, chemical, or biological.

External stimuli.

d) All living organisms are------------------, evolving, and self – regulating interactive systems capable of responding to ---------------

  Self –replicating, external stimuli.

e) All living organisms –present, past and future, are linked to one another by sharing of the common ------------------------------------, but to varying degrees.

Genetic material.

f)  Scientific name has two components the ------------------------- name and the ---------------------------epithet.

Generic, specific.

e) ---------------------------------------------is providing a name with two components.

Binomial Nomenclature.

f) --------------------gave scientific naming of organisms.

Carolus Linneaus.

g) Scientific name of mango is ---------------------- ----------------.

h) Scientific name of potato is-------------------------- ----------------

i) Scientific name of lion is----------------------- -----------------

j)  Scientific name of human being is -------------------------- ----------------

k) Scientific name of   wheat is ----------------------------------------

l)  Scientific name of house fly is -------------------------- ----------------

Mangiferaindica, Solanumtuberosum,,Pantheratigris, Homo sapiens, Triticumaestivum,  Muscadomestica.

m) First word in a biological name represents the -------------- while second denotes the -------------epithet.

Genus, specific.

n) Both the words in biological name are separately underlined or printed in italics to indicate their --------------------- origin.

   Latin

o)The title of publication of Linneaus is ------------------------------------- (Systema nature)

p) potato and ginger belong to genus ----------------- (Solanum)

q) Lion, leopard, and tiger belong to ----------------------------- genus. (Panthera)

r)  Lion, leopard, and tiger belong to ----------------------------- family. (Canidae)

s) Cat and dog belong to --------------------------------- family. (Canidae.)

t) --------------------- is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed, and preserved, on sheets. (Herbarium.)

u) ----------------------------------is a collection of preserved plants and animals. (   Museum)

v) -------------------- is based on contrasting character generally in a pair called couplet. (   Key)

w)  ------------------------ contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants in a given area. (    Flora.)

MCQs

1.Which type of organisms reproduce or multiply by cell division

a) unicellular   b)multicellular  c) prokaryotic   d) eukaryotic                   (a)

2 Fungi  reproduces by  a) egg  b) sperm   c) gemmules   d) spores.         ( d)

3.   .Yeast and Hydra reproduce by   a) conidia  b) budding  c) spores  d) fragmentation.              (b0

4      Planaria reproduces by    a) spores   b) budding   c) regeneration     d) conidia                   (c)

5. Biological names are written in    a)English     b) German   c) French   d) Latin                     (d)

6 .Each category  in classification is termed as    

 a)  genus   b) species c) taxon   d) class              (c)

7. Lowest category of classification is       a) species   b) order  c) genus d) class                       (a)

CHAPTER 2 -BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

FILL IN THE BLANKS( 1 Mark)

1.      ___________  connecting link between living and non living.

2.      ____________ discovered Viriods .

3.      Lichens are indicators of ______ .

4.      Deuteromycetes are known as _________

5.      Colletotricum is grouped under class ______ of fungi.

6.      Locomotary organelle in Euglenoids is _______.

7.      PPLO is also known as __________.

8.      Causal organisms of Malaria is a ________.

9.      Sleeping sickness is caused by Protozoan ________.

10.  Heterocysts of Cyanobacteria is associated with the process of ________.

11.  Methanogens,Thermoacidophiles are grouped under________.

12.  Nitrifying Bacteria have ___________ mode of nutrition.

13.  __________ disease is caused by Viriods.

14.  Chitin is present in the cell walls of ______.

15.  Rust of Wheat is caused by fungi ______.

16.  Red Tides are caused by algae _______.

MCQ

(1 Marks each)

(1)   Who is the Father of Taxonomy.

(a)   R H Whittaker (b) G J Mendel (c) Linnaeus (d) Bentham & Hooker

(2)   Five Kingdom Classification was proposed by-

(a)   Linnaeus  (b) G J Mendel (c) R H Whittaker (d) Bentham & Hooker

(3) Cell wall of Fungi is made up of -

(a) Carbohydrate (b) Lipid (c) Chitin (d) Protein

(4) The association of Fungi with roots higher plants is called-

(a) Mutualism (b)Symbiosis (c) Mycorrhiza (d) Parasitism

(5) The mode of nutrition in Fungi is-

(a) Autotrophic (b) Saprotrophic (c) Holozoic (d) Chemotrophic

(6) Scientist who crystallized Virus was-                                

(a) Diener (b) Beijerinek (c) W M Stanley (d) Mendel

(7)Sexual Forms are absent in-

(a) Basidiomycetes (b) Deuteromycetes (c) Phycomycetes (d) Ascomycetes

(8) Organisms which lacks cell organelles-

(a) Mycoplasma (b) Fungi (c)Virus (d) Bacteria

(9) Antibiotics are produced by microorganisms-

(a) Virus (b) Lichen (c) Viriods (d) Fungi

(10) Autotrophic nutrition is found in-

(a) Plantae (b) Animalia (c) Protozoa (d) Fungi

 

 

 

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

(1)                What is the nature of cell wall in Diatoms?

(2)                Name the organism responsible for the conversion of milk into curd.

(3)                Arrange the following organisms into five kingdoms as proposed by R H Whittaker- Mushroom,Mango,Mycoplasma, Penicillium,nostoc,Lion,Rhizpus,Rhizobium,Amoeba,Euglena.

(4)                Name the basis of classification used for Kingdom Fungi.

(5)                Give technical terms for following-

(a)                Association of fungi with roots of higher plants.

(b)               Absence of well defined nucleus.

(c)                Fusion of protoplasm between two motile/non-motile gametes in Fungi

 

CH – 3 PLANT KINGDOM

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Father of taxonomy   is ------------(  Carolus  Linnaeus)

2.------------  is    put forward by  Carolus Linnaeus. (Binomial nomenclature )

3. Similar gametes are called ------------(   isogametes)

4. First stage in the lifecycle  of moss plant   is -----------( protonema)

5. In angiosperm   reduction division takes place in------------and-------------(   micro and megasporogenesis)

6. --------is a fungus which can be used as food. (mushroom)

7. When an organism  passes through   two lifecycle(sporophytic&gametophytic) it is called as--------------( alternation  of  generation)

8. Second gametophytic  generation in moss plant is called -----------( leafy stage-)

9. Classification  based on cytological information is called -----------(   cytotaxonomy)

10. Fusion of one large non motile  female gamete and one small motile gamete is called--------- (oogamy)

11.---------- -is a motile unicellular alga ( Chlamydomonas)

12. Agar is  obtained from ----------(Glidium)

 13.  --------------------   is   the  classification  using computers based on all observable characters. (Numerical taxonomy)

 

PLANT KINGDOM

1 mark   questions  -Answer the following   questions

1.Name a unicellular  organism  which can be used  as  food  ,

ans-yeast-

2,Bryophytes are called as  amphibians, of the world, Why?

 Ans,--because for their fertilization water is essential

 

 

3.What are the two    words in scientific name    ?

ans       -genus  species

4,What is the differences between zoospores and gametes ?

ans-z oospores are asexual spores  produced by lower organism like algae and fungi  and gametes are sexual motile spores.

5,Why bryophytes produce more number of male gametes?-

ans--chances to reach male gamete is less &  water is not their  it will drying up

6.What are the names of the sexual reproductive organs of bryophyte

Ans.Antheridia&  archegonia

7,Which  type of lifecycle pattern is present   in algae?

Ans- haplontic

8. Which group  plants are called precursor of seed habit?

Ans—Pteridophytes

9.On what basis we can classify angeosperms?

Ans--based on the number of cotyledons  in the seed

10Why is double fertilization    takes place in angeosperms

Ans.One pollen grain produces two male gametes ,one fuses with egg and second one with polar nuclei.so

12,Wh at is haplo-diplontic     lifecycle pattern?

Ans--   An intermediate lifecycle pattern which is present in bryophytes

13What are the cells present in in an egg apparatus?

Ans--  egg cell& two  synergids

14.Why Linneus classification is called artificial system of classification?

ans---It  is based  on vegetative characters  only

16,What is gametophyte?

ans----Plants which produce  gametes or sexual reproduction

17.What is sporophyte?

ans-----Plants which produce   spores or  undergoes asexual reproduction

18.How can we classify   algae?

ans—chlorophyceae,-Phaophyceae,Rhodophyceae

19.On what basis algae are classified ?

Ans--based on photosynthetic pigments,storedfood,nature of cell wall

20,Write a major difference between   gymnosperm    & angiosperm?

Ans----In angiosperm seeds are covered(within fruit)where as gymnosperms are  naked(not cover                                          

 

CH4 -  ANIMAL KINGDOM

FILL IN THE BLANKS (1 Mark each)

(1)    Blood filled cavities in Arthropods _______.

(2)    Free floating form of Cnidaria ________.

(3)    Stinging cells of the Jelly Fish _______.

(4)    Excretory organs of Liver Fluke ________.

(5)    Lateral Appendages in the aquatic annelids _______.

(6)    Starfish has  __________ symmetry.

(7)    Warm blooded animals are also  called as _______.

(8)    Pores on the bodies of Sponges are called  _______.

(9)    Bioluminescence is observed in the Phylum _______.

(10)Largest Animal Phylum is __________.

MCQ (1 Mark each )

(1) Nematocysts or stinging cells are found in –

(a)Porifera (b) Cnidaria (c) Platyhelminthes (d) Aschelminthes

(2) Flame cells are found in the Phylum-

(a)                Echinodermata (b) Mollusca (c) Annelida (d) Platyhelminthes

(3)Animal which possess both male and female reproductive organs-

(a)Cockroach (b) Deer (c) Earthworm (d) Mosquito

(4) Psedocoelomate condition is found in –

(a)Porifera (b)Cnidaria (c)Aschelminthes (d) Echinodermata

(5) Example of oviparous mammal is –

(a) Echidna (b) Bat (c)Kangaroo (d) Lion

SHORT QUESTIONS

(1)    Name the two layers of cells in diploblastic animals.

(2)    What is notochord? where it is found?

(3)    Name one Cnidarian form in which both Polyp and Medusae form occur?

(4)    Name the reptile that has four chambered heart?

(5)    Draw a labeled diagram of the basic Body plan of Chordates.

(6)    Mention the four characteristic feature which all Chordates possess?

CH -5 MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS

1.      What are two main types of roots?

Ans. Tap and adventitious roots

2.      What is the study of external shape and form of plants structures called?

Ans. morphology

3.      Give one example of tap root.

Ans. carrot

4.      What type of root modifications are found in mangroves?

Ans. pneumatophores

5.      Which plant has leaves modified into spines?

Ans. Opuntia

6.      What type of venation is found in banana leaves?

Ans. parallel

7.      Which type of phylotaxy is seen in alstonia?

Ans. whorled

8.      Which type of inflorescence is observed in sunflower?

Ans. Head/capitulum

9.      What is group of stamens called?

Ans. androecium

10.  What symbol is used for zygomorphic symmetry?

Ans. %

11.  What is arrangement of ovules in ovary is known as?

Ans. placentation

12.  In which type of aestivation petals are not overlapping?

Ans. valvate

13.  What is the nutritive tissue of monocot seed known as?

Ans. Endosperm

14.  What layers covers the endosperm in monocot seed?

Ans aleuron layer

15.  Which family does potato belong to?

Ans. Solanaceae

CH – 6 ANATOMY OF PLANTS

1.      Which type of meristem is found on tips of roots and stems?

a)      Apical   b) intercalary   c) lateral    d) marginal

Ans. Apical meristem

2.      Name one secondary meristem.

Ans. Vascular cambium

3.      Name one living simple permanent tissue.

Ans. parenchyma

4.      Name one plant in which sclereids are found.

Ans. Guava

5.      Which tissue is concerned with transport of water in plants?

Ans. xylem

6.      Which type of cell is present in gymnosperm in place of companion cell?

Ans. Albuminous cell

7.      Which cell surrounds the stoma?

Ans. Guard cells

8.      What are two types of mesophyll tissue?

Ans . Spongy and pallisade

9.      When cambium is present vascular bundles are said to be…………….

Ans. open

10.  Which chemical is present in casparian strip for making it impervious to water?

a)      Lignin    b) suberin   c) cellulose   d) hemicellulose

Ans. suberin

11.  Which part of dicot plant has vascular bundles arranged in ring?

Ans. Stem

12.  Which part of plant bulliform cells are present?

a)stem    b) roots    c) leaves    d) flowers

Ans. Leaf

13.  Name the dark colored part in the section of woody stem.

Ans. heartwood

14.  ………………permits the exchange of gases between air and internal tissue of stem.

a)      Stoma   b)lenticels   c)  hydathodes   d) ramenta

Ans. lenticels

15.  Secondary growth occurs in ………………..stem.

Ans. Dicot

CH 7 - STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS

 FILL IN THE BLANKS

1.      In ………… organisms, all functions are carried by a single cell.(unicellular)

2.      ………………. is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function.(Tissue)

3.      The animal tissues are different and are broadly classified in …… types. (four)

4.      There are two types of epithelial tissues namely ………………. Epithelium and …………………. Epithelium.(simple , compound)

5.      ………… epithelium is found in the walls of air sacs of lungs.(squamous)

6.      ……… epithelium is found in the ducts of glands.(cuboidal)

7.      The ………….. epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall and slender cells.(columnar)

8.      Microvilli that line the intestine help in ……….. and …………..(secretion and absorption)

9.      Particles or mucous move in a specific direction over ……….. epithelium(ciliated)

10.  Products of ……….. glands are released through ducts or tubes.(exocrine)

11.  Endocrine glands secrete …………….. (hormones)

12.  ………… junctions help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.(Tight)

13.  …………..  perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together. (Adhering)

14.  ………….. junctions facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm.(Gap)

15.  Cockroaches are brown or black bodied animals that are included in class( Insecta) of ------Phylum --------(Arthropoda)

16.  The scientific name  of cockroach is-------------- Periplaneta Americana

17.  The entire body of cockroach is covered by a hard  exoskeleton made of----- chitin

18.   In each segment,of cockroach  exoskeleton has hardened plates called------- (scleirites)

19.   In cockroach  tergites dorsally and sternites ventrally  are joined to each other by a thin and flexible articular membrane called---------anthroidalmemebrane

20.  In cockroaches a sac like structure called -------- is used for storing of food.(crop)

21.  In cockroaches the -------- is followed by gizzard(crop)

22.  Gizzard has an outer layer of thick ------------- muscles and thick inner cuticle(circular)

23.  The inner cuticule of gizzard of cockroach has ----------called teeth (chitinousplate).

24.  Gizzard helps in---------food particles.(grinding)

25.  The entire foregut of cockroach  is lined by------------ (cuticle)

26.  At the junction of foregut and midgut is seen----------------- which secrete digestive juice. (the hepatic caeca)

27.  In cockroach  at  the junction of midgut and  hindgut is present a ring of 100-150yellow coloured thin filamentous structures called.-----------(malpigian tubules)

28.  Malpigian tubules. help in removal of------------- products from haemolymph.(excretory)

29.   Cockroach antennae have------------- receptors that help in monitoring the environment.(sensory)

30.  The type of mouth parts of cockroach--------------( biting and.chewingtype.)

31.  The upper lip of cockroach mouth parts is called-----------(labrum) and lower lip is called (labium)

32.  The------------- of cockroach is called hypopharynx (tongue)

33.  The  thorax of cockroach is made up of--------- thorax (pro meso meta)

34.  The fore wings of cockroach is called ----------(tegmina)

35.  In cockroach the------------- are used for flight(hind wings)

36.  The abdomen in both males and female cockroaches  consists of ------ segments.(ten)

37.  In male cockroach---------------is  present along with anal cerci which is absent in females.(anal style)

38.  .Male cockroaches have male genital pore ------------- and anal style.(male gonopophysis)

39.  Female cockroaches have gonopore spermathecal pores and-----------glands(collateral)

40.  In female cockroaches the brood pouch is made from --------------(7,8,9 arena)

41.  Cockroaches are active at night so they are called---------( nocturnal)

 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.      Name the type of muscle found in the biceps.

 Ans. Skeletal muscle

2.      Which type of muscle fibres taper at both ends?

Ans. Smooth muscle

3.      Name the contractile tissue present only in the heart.

 Ans, Cardiac muscle tissue

4.      Name the communication junctions present in cardiac muscle.

Ans. Intercalated disc

5.      What allows the cells of the cardiac tissue to contract as a unit?

Ans. Intercalated disc

6.      Name the epithelia in which the cells contain basal granules.

Ans. Ciliated epithelia

7.      What is the brain of the cockroach is specified by?

8.      Mention any three sense organs of cockroach.

9.      Name the  kind of vision with more sensitivity but less resolution, being common during night in cockroach.

10.  What is the primary reproductive organs found in cockroaches and where are they situated?

11.  What is the encased capsule of fertilized eggs in cockroaches are called ? What are their colours.

1.      The development of P. americanais paurometabolous,What does it means

2.      Why cockroaches are called as pests?

3.      Give the scientific name of cockroach.

Ans Periplaneta americana

4.      Which part of cockroach body has chitin.

Ans Exoskeleton

5.      What is function of crop

Ans Storing food

6.      What is function of proventriculus

Ans Grinding food

7.      Give the function of hepatic caeca

Ans Digestion

8.      What is the function of malpigian tubules

Ans Excretion

9.      What kind of mouth parts are seen in cockroaches.

Ans Biting and chewing type

10.  Name the mouth parts of cockroach.

Labrum, labium, hypopharynx mandibles, maxillae

11.  What is the role of antenna of cockroach.

Ans sensory

12.  Give differences between male and female cockroach morphologically.

Male has anal style and cerci female has only anal cerci

 

ANSWERS (7 TO 15)

7.      Supra Oesophageal ganglion

8.      In cockroach, the sense organs are antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal cerci,

9.      Mosaic Vision

10.  Male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes one lying on each lateral side in the 4th -6th abdominal segments.

11.  Ootheca, dark reddish to blackish brown

12.  Testes, Seminal Vesicle, Right Phallomere, Anal cercus Titilator

13.  Ovary oviduct, collateral glands, genital pouch, spermatheca

14.  Development through Nympheal Stages

15.  They transmit variety of bacterial diseases.

MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

Epithelial tissue                                         Location

1.      Cuboidal                                  a. Epidermis of skin

2.      Ciliated                                    b. Inner lining of blood vessels

3.      Columnar                                c. Inner surface of gall bladder

4.      Squamous                                d. Inner lining of fallopian tube

5.      Keratinised squamous             e. Lining of pancreatic duct

Ans. 1-E,2-D, 3-C, 4-B, 5-A

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.      The cell junctions are found in

a.      Neural tissue                    

b.      Muscular tissue

c.       Connective tissue

d.      Epithelial tissue                 ans. d

2.      Which one of the following types of cell is involved in making of the inner walls of large blood vessels?

a.      Cuboidal epithelium

b.      Columnar epithelium

c.       Squamous epithelium

d.      Stratified epithelium                     ans. c

3.      The ciliated columnar epithelial cells in humans are known to occur in

a.      Eustachian tube and stomach lining

b.      Bronchioles and fallopian tube

c.       Bile duct and oesophagus

d.      Fallopian tube and urethra           ans. b

4.      What type of blood vascular system in found in cockroach

(a)   Open

(b)   Closed

5.      The visceral organs of cockroach is bathed in a fluid called

(a)   Blood

(b)   Haemolymph

(c)    Water

(d)   Lymph

6.      The respiratory system consists of a network of ………, that open through 10 pairs of small holes called …….. present on the

(a)    Trachea, spiracles

(b)    Alveoli, Alveolus

(c)    Tubes , connectors

(d)    Spiracles, trachea

7.      Malphigian tubules are the organs of …… in cockroach.

(a)   Excretion

(b)   Digestion

(c)    Circulation

(d)   Transportation

8.      These insects are called as uricotellic. What is their excretory product.

(a)   Urea

(b)   Uric Acid

(c)    Ammonia

(d)   Water

9.      The nervous system of cockroach consists of a series of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connectives on the ventral side. ………. ganglia lie in the thorax, and ………..in the abdomen.

(a)   Two, Four

(b)   Five, Ten

(c)    Three, Six

(d)   Six, three

 

 

 

CH 8 - CELL THE UNIT OF LIFE

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1.      An elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structures present in the cytoplasm is collectively referred to as the ………………………………………….  (cytoskeleton)

2.      The ………………………………. in a cell are involved in many functions like maintenance of the shape of the cell. (cytoskeleton)

3.      ……………………………. and …………………………….. are hair-like outgrowths of the cell membrane. (Cilia and flagella)

4.      The core of the cilia and flagella is called ………………… (axoneme)

5.      The axoneme has ………………. pairs of doublets of radially arranged peripheral microtubules. (nine)

6.      Both the cilium and the flagellum emerge from centriole-like structure called the ………………….. (basal bodies)

7.      Centrosome is an organelle usually containing two cylindrical structures called ………………………….

(centrioles)

8.      The central part of the centriole is called the …………….. which is connected to the peripheral triplets by radial ……………….. (hub, spokes)

9.      The material of the nucleus stained by the basic dyes were given the name chromatin by ……………………. (Flemming)

10.  The space between the inner and the outer nuclear membrane is called the ……………………………… space (perinuclear)

11.  The RNA and protein molecules move in and out of the nucleus through the …………………….. ……………….. (nuclear pores)

12.  The nuclear matrix is otherwise known as …………………………………… (nucleoplasm)

13.  Chromatin contains DNA and some basic proteins called ………………………… (histones)

14.  The primary constriction of a chromosome is otherwise  known as …………………………..                      (centromere)

15.  The ……………………………….. chromosome has centromere in the middle (metacentric)

16.  The …………………………….. chromosome has a terminal centromere(telocentric)

17.  A small fragment beyond the secondary constriction in a chromosome is called ……………………… (satellite)

18.  Microbodies contains …………………………………… (enzymes)

19.  The organisms which come under eukaryotes are plants animals fungi and ----------(Protista.)

20.  Eukaryotes have--------------organelles (membrane bound)

21.  Plant differ from animal cells in presence of cell wall, vacuoles and ----------

(plastids )

22.  Animals have--------- which are not seen in plant cells.(centrioles)

23.  The cells which enabled study of plasma membrane was the ------(RBC)

24.  Cell membranes are made up of  a bilayer of -----------(LIPIDS)

25.  In lipid membranes the polar head hydrophilic and nonpolar tail is ----------(hydrophobic.)

26.  The lipid component of cell membrane consists of--------------( phosphoglycerrides)

27.  In human beings, the membrane of the erythrocyte has approximately 52 per cent-----------and 40 per cent proteins(lipids)

28.  ---------- proteins lie buried in plasma membrane and peripheral proteins are seen on surface of plasma membrane.(integral)

29.  The structure of cell membrane was proposed  by Singer and Nicholson as--------( fluid mosaic model)

30.  The quasi fluid nature of lipid enables     lateral movement of proteins within the overall bilayer plasma membrane

31.  The fluid nature of the membrane is also important for the functions like cell growth, formation of intercellular Junctions endocytosis(fluid)

32.  The most important functions of the plasma membrane is the----------- of the molecules across it.(transport)

33.  Many molecules can move across the membrane without any requirement of energy and this is called passive transport

34.  Neutral solutes may move across the membrane by the process of simple diffusion along the concentration  gradient.

35.  Movement of water by diffusion across a semipermeable membrane  is called osmosis

36.  As the polar molecules cannot pass through the nonpolar lipid bilayer, they require a carrier protein  to facilitate their transport across the membrane.

37.  Active transport is an energy dependent process, in which ATP is utilized .

38.  A few ions or molecules are transported across the membrane against their concentration gradient, i.e., from lower to the higher concentration which is called active transport

39.  The middle lamella is a layer mainly of calcium pectate

40.   which holds  the different neighbouring cells together.(calcium pectate

41.  The plasmodesmata connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells.

42.  Algae have cell wall, made of cellulose, galactose and mannans

43.  In plants cell wall consists of cellulose hemicelluloses and pectin

44.  The cell wall is made up of primary wall and secondary wall